San Jose, Salaverry, Ancon, Peru |
Gillnets |
Visual deterrents |
Small Cetaceans (maximum length < 7.5 meters), Seabirds, Sea Turtles |
Bycatch probability per set was reduced by up to 74.4% for sea turtles and 70.8 for small cetaceans in comparison to non-illuminated nets. For seabirds, nominal BPUE decreased by 84% in the presence of LEDs. |
Elasmobranchs, tuna, dolphinfish |
No effect |
Field study in the wild |
An illuminating idea to reduce bycatch in the Peruvian small-scale gillnet fishery. |
|
Southeast Australia |
Trawls |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Reduction |
Various species |
No effect |
Field study in the wild |
Industry-based development of effective new seabird mitigation devices in the southern Australian trawl fisheries |
|
Uruaguay |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Bait set 4 m below surface reduced mortality by 87% and by 100% when bait was set 10 m below the surface. |
Tuna |
None |
Field study in the wild |
Setting baited hooks by stealth (underwater) can prevent the incidental mortality of albatrosses and petrels in pelagic longline fisheries |
|
US Northeast and mid-Atlantic |
Gillnets |
|
Seabirds |
Interactions were highest with shearwaters/fulmars |
Various |
N/A |
Field study in the wild |
Comprehensive estimates of seabird-fishery interactions for the US Northeast and mid-Atlantic |
|
Bering Sea |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices, Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Integrated weight longlines paired with streamer lines eliminated surface foraging and shearwater catch by 97%; integrated weigh longlines reduced surface forager catch rates by 91% and unweighted longlines with paired streamer by 98% |
Pacific cod |
Target catch rates were not affected |
Field study in the wild |
Integrated weight longlines with paired streamer lines - best practice to prevent seabird bycatch in demersal longline |
|
Canada |
Gillnets |
Time area closures |
Seabirds |
Closure resulted in increased populations of common murres and auks but a decrease in gulls |
Cod and Atlantic salmon |
None reported |
Summary study |
Canadian fisheryclosures provide a large-scale test of the impact of gillnet bycatch on seabird populations |
|
Review |
Gillnets |
Low profile gillnet |
Large Cetaceans (maximum length > 7.5 meters), Small Cetaceans (maximum length < 7.5 meters), Pinnipeds, Seabirds, Sea Turtles |
|
|
|
Summary study |
Reducing bycatch in gillnets: A sensory ecology perspective |
|
Uruguay |
Hooks-and-Lines |
|
Seabirds |
Time of year was the largest predictor of interaction between great albatross and longliners |
swordfish, tuna, sharks |
n/a |
Field study in the wild |
Bycatch of great albatrosses in pelagic longline fisheries in the southwest Atlantic: contributing factors and implications for management |
|
Spanish Mediterranean |
Hooks-and-Lines |
|
Seabirds |
bycatch increases on non-working days |
tuna and swordfish |
n/a |
Field study in the wild |
Cory's shearwater by-catch in the Mediterranean Spanish commercial longline fishery: implications for management |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Dyed bait |
Seabirds |
No effect |
swordfish |
n/a |
Field study in the wild |
Mitigating seabird bycatch during hauling by pelagic longline vessels |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Weighted swivels greater than 65g reduced catch rates |
swordfish |
n/a |
Field study in the wild |
Mitigating seabird bycatch during hauling by pelagic longline vessels |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Alternative leader design |
Seabirds |
Shorter leaders had lower catch rate |
swordfish |
n/a |
Field study in the wild |
Mitigating seabird bycatch during hauling by pelagic longline vessels |
|
South Africa EEZ |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices, Night sets, Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Combination of bird-scaring lines, weighted lines, and night sets yielded zero moralities. |
Tuna and swordfish |
No effect |
Field study in the wild |
Best practice seabird bycatch mitigation for pelagic longline fisheries targeting tuna and related species |
|
South Africa |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Night sets |
Seabirds |
0.439 birds/1000 hooks (night) vs. 2 birds/1000 hooks (day) |
Tuna |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Reducing seabird bycatch in the South African joint venture tuna fishery using bird-scaring lines, branch line weighting and nighttime setting of hooks |
|
South Africa |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
1.07 birds/1000 hooks (unweighted) vs. 0.06 birds/1000 hooks (weighted) |
Tuna |
No detectable affect |
Field study in the wild |
Reducing seabird bycatch in the South African joint venture tuna fishery using bird-scaring lines, branch line weighting and nighttime setting of hooks |
|
South Africa |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Hybrid lines appeared to reduce sea bird attacks, but not statistically conclusive |
Tuna |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Reducing seabird bycatch in the South African joint venture tuna fishery using bird-scaring lines, branch line weighting and nighttime setting of hooks |
|
Global |
Gillnets |
|
Seabirds |
|
|
|
Summary study |
The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: A global review |
|
Western North Pacific |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Number of albatross and shearwater attacks were reduced with paired tori lines. Secondary attacks were also significantly lower with paired tori lines. |
Tunas and swordfish |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Comparison of the effectiveness of paired and single tori lines for preventing bait attacks by seabirds and their bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries |
|
Queensland, Australia |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Assumed to benefit |
Tunas, swordfish and mahi mahi |
No significant effect |
Field study in the wild |
New branch line weighting regimes reduce risk of seabird mortality in the Australian pelagic longline fishery without affecting fish catch |
|
South Africa |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Alternative leader design |
Seabirds |
None reported |
Tuna |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Safe leads for safe heads: safer line weights for pelagic longline fisheries |
|
Falklands |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
No bycatch |
Patagonian toothfish |
Catch was reduced |
Field study in the wild |
Experimental fishing with an "umbrella-and-stones" system to reduce interactions of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and seabirds with bottom-set longlines for Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the Southwest Atlantic |
|
Chilean Patagonia |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch to zero |
Patagonian toothfish |
CPUE was higher |
Field study in the wild |
Significant conservation benefits obtained from the use of a new fishing gear in the Chilean Patagonian toothfish fishery |
|
Southwest Atlantic |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Circle hooks |
Seabirds, Elasmobranchs, Sea Turtles |
American style longlines - no significant difference in catch rates for blue or porbeagle sharks, seabirds or sea turtles. Spanish style longline - significant decrease in pelagic stingray catch rates on circle hooks, no significant differences in catch |
Tuna |
Albacore catches increased with circle hooks on both types of longline. Shortfin mako shark catch rates increased with circle hooks on the American style longlines. |
Field study in the wild |
Circle hook performance in the Uruguayan pelagic longline fishery |
|
South Africa |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Weighted branch lines with hybrid streamer lines reduced seabird mortalities by 86% compared to unweighted branch lines. |
Tuna |
No effect |
Field study in the wild |
Preliminary report of 2010 weighted branch-line trials in the tuna joint venture fishery in the South African EEZ |
|
Southern Ocean |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices, Dyed bait |
Seabirds |
The use of both tori-lines and blue-dyed bait (squid and fish) resulted in no interactions with seabirds |
Southern bluefin tuna |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
A comparison of two blue-dyed bait types for reducing incidental catch of seabirds in the experimental operations of the Japanese southern bluefin tuna longline |
|
Southern Ocean |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Dyed bait |
Seabirds |
Decreased bycatch |
Southern bluefin tuna |
The CPUE of the target southern bluefin tuna was reduced, except when blue-dyed fish bait was used. |
Field study in the wild |
A comparison of two blue-dyed bait types for reducing incidental catch of seabirds in the experimental operations of the Japanese southern bluefin tuna longline |
|
South Pacific |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Interactions decreased with longer bird lines |
Southern bluefin tuna |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Effective factors of tori-poles in reducing incidental catch of seabirds in the Japanese longline fishery |
|
South Pacific |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
No difference in seabird avoidance between the two types ("WCPFC type and "Light type") of tori-lines |
Southern bluefin tuna |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Seabirds avoidance effect of tori-lines in the Japanese longline fishery: comparison of tori-line streamers |
|
Alaska |
Trawls |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Warp booms did not reduce bird strikes |
walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) |
None |
Field study in the wild |
Reducing seabird strikes with trawl cables in the pollock catcher-processor fleet in the eastern Bering Sea |
|
Alaska |
Trawls |
Visual deterrents |
Seabirds |
Reducing the aerial extent of the third wire reduced strike rates |
walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) |
None |
Field study in the wild |
Reducing seabird strikes with trawl cables in the pollock catcher-processor fleet in the eastern Bering Sea |
|
Western North Pacific |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Tori-line light streamer reduced bait-taking behavior and bycatch of seabirds compared to the tori line |
None reported |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Direct comparison of seabird avoidance effect between two types of tori lines in longline fishing experiments |
|
North Pacific Ocean |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
In experiement 1, the mean number of seabirds appearing and the catch per unit effort (for seabirds) was not statistically different between the four tori-lines. In experiment 2, seabird attack rates (Laysan albatross and shearwater) were not statistic |
None reported |
|
Field study in the wild |
Experimental comparison among four types tori-line designs in the western North Pacific |
|
Eastern Australia |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Live bait sank more quickly than dead bait, increasing the exposure of hooks to seabirds but the sink rates of individual live bait species were very variable. With respect to dead bait, those on the 160 g leaded swivel with a distance of 2 m leader len |
Tuna |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Experimental determinations of factors affecting the sink rates of baited hooks to minimize seabird mortality in pelagic longline fisheries |
|
Eastern Australia |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Mainlines with a loose configuration reached depth more slowly than tight configurations, allowing more time for seabirds to become incidentally hooked |
Tuna |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Effect of line shooter and mainline tension on the sink rates of pelagic longlines and implications for seabird interactions |
|
South Africa |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Catch rates of birds were higher on unweighted compared to weighted branchlines. |
tuna |
Catch rates of fish were not significantly different between the two branchline types at night or during the dawn. |
Field study in the wild |
Shrink and defend: a comparison of two streamer line designs in the 2009 South Africa tuna fishery |
|
South Africa |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
The mean total attack rate was similar for each design but diving birds attacked further astern in response to both tori line types compared to surface foraging birds. The "hybrid" line did not allow attacks by divers within 50 m but the "light" line al |
tuna |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Shrink and defend: a comparison of two streamer line designs in the 2009 South Africa tuna fishery |
|
Wollongong, Australia |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Dyed bait |
Seabirds |
Blue-dyed squid bait reduced subsurface interactions with seabirds by 68%. Seabirds struck only 3-8% of surface blue-dyed squid bait compared with 75-98% of non-dyed squid bait. Birds struck 48% of blue-dyed fish bait at the surface during the first tw |
Tuna |
None reported |
Field study in the wild |
Seabird bycatch mitigation and blue-dyed bait: A spectral and experimental assessment |
|
East Cape, New Zealand |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Dyed bait |
Seabirds |
Results were inconclusive |
Bigeye tuna |
No signficiant effect reported for individual species and when all species were combined the results were inconclusive |
Field study in the wild |
Effect of blue dyed bait on incidental seabird mortalities and fish catch rates on a commercial longliner fishing off East Cape, New Zealand |
|
Alaska, Bering Sea |
Trawls |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Streamers reduced seabird strikes on two cable types |
walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) |
none |
Field study in the wild |
Reducing seabird strikes with trawl cables in the pollock catcher-processor fleet in the eastern Bering Sea |
|
Southern Brazil |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Reduced incidental capture of seabirds by 64% |
Swordfish, blue sharks |
Increased catch rates of target species (swordfish by 32% and blue sharks by 15.1%) |
Field study in the wild |
The effect of light toriline on seabird by-catch and fish catch rates in the pelagic longline fishery off southern Brazil |
|
Norway |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Reduced incidental capture of seabirds, mostly fulmars |
Torsk (Brosme brosme), ling (Molva molva) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) |
Increased target catch rates |
Field study in the wild |
Review and evaluation of three mitigation measures-bird-scaring line, underwater setting and line shooter-to reduce seabird bycatch in the north Atlantic longline fishery |
|
Norway |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface sets (gillnets) |
Seabirds |
Reduced incidental capture of seabirds, mostly fulmars |
Torsk (Brosme brosme), ling (Molva molva) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) |
Increased target catch rates |
Field study in the wild |
Review and evaluation of three mitigation measures-bird-scaring line, underwater setting and line shooter-to reduce seabird bycatch in the north Atlantic longline fishery |
|
Norway |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Reduced incidental capture of seabirds, mostly fulmars |
Torsk (Brosme brosme), ling (Molva molva) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) |
Increased target catch rates |
Field study in the wild |
Review and evaluation of three mitigation measures-bird-scaring line, underwater setting and line shooter-to reduce seabird bycatch in the north Atlantic longline fishery |
|
|
Hooks-and-Lines |
Deep sets |
Seabirds |
|
|
|
Field study in the wild |
|
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface sets (gillnets) |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Tuna |
|
Field study in the wild |
Performance assessment of an underwater chute to mitigate seabird bycatch in the Hawaii pelagic longline tuna fishery |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Dyed bait |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch but least effective of 3 tested techniques |
Swordfish and tuna |
|
Field study in the wild |
Performance Assessment of Underwater Setting Chutes, Side-Setting, and Blue-Dyed Bait to Minimize Seabird Mortality in Hawaii Pelagic Longline Tuna and Swordfish Fisheries |
|
Norway |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface sets (gillnets) |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Multiple species |
Increased catch |
Field study in the wild |
Reducing seabird bycatch in longline fisheries by means of bird-scaring lines and underwater setting |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Side sets |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch; most promising of 3 tested techniques |
Swordfish and tuna |
|
Field study in the wild |
Performance Assessment of Underwater Setting Chutes, Side-Setting, and Blue-Dyed Bait to Minimize Seabird Mortality in Hawaii Pelagic Longline Tuna and Swordfish Fisheries |
|
Norway |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Multiple species |
Increased catch |
Field study in the wild |
Reducing seabird bycatch in longline fisheries by means of bird-scaring lines and underwater setting |
|
Washington State |
Gillnets |
Acoustic deterrent devices, Visual deterrents |
Seabirds |
Variable depending on seabird species |
Salmon |
Reduction of target catch was not significant |
Field study in the wild |
Novel tools to reduce seabird bycatch in coastal gillnet fisheries |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Dyed bait |
Seabirds |
Reduced contact with bait |
Swordfish |
|
Field study in the wild |
Deterring albatrosses from contacting baits during swordfish longline sets |
|
Washington State |
Gillnets |
Acoustic deterrent devices, Visual deterrents |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch but results varied by mesh size |
Salmon |
Effect on target catch varied by mesh size |
Field study in the wild |
Novel tools to reduce seabird bycatch in coastal gillnet fisheries |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Reduced contact with bait |
Swordfish |
|
Field study in the wild |
Deterring albatrosses from contacting baits during swordfish longline sets |
|
Canada |
Gillnets |
Metal oxide/barium sulfate nets |
Small Cetaceans (maximum length < 7.5 meters), Phocoena phocoena (Harbor porpoise), Seabirds |
Reduced harbor porpoise bycatch |
Multiple species |
No difference in catch |
Field study in the wild |
Nylon barium sulphate gillnet reduces porpoise and seabird mortality |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface bait setting |
Seabirds |
Reduced contact with bait |
Swordfish |
|
Field study in the wild |
Deterring albatrosses from contacting baits during swordfish longline sets |
|
Canada |
Gillnets |
Metal oxide/barium sulfate nets |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Multiple species |
Did not affect target catch |
Field study in the wild |
Nylon barium sulphate gillnet reduces porpoise and seabird mortality |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Dyed bait |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Swordfish and tuna |
Did not affect target catch |
Field study in the wild |
Hawaii Longline Seabird Mortality Mitigation Project. |
|
South Africa |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface sets (gillnets) |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Patagonian toothfish |
|
Field study in the wild |
Reducing incidental mortality of seabirds with an underwater longline setting funnel |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Alternative offal discharge |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Swordfish and tuna |
|
Field study in the wild |
Hawaii Longline Seabird Mortality Mitigation Project. |
|
New Zealand |
Trawls |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Swordfish |
|
Field study in the wild |
|
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Swordfish and tuna |
|
Field study in the wild |
Hawaii Longline Seabird Mortality Mitigation Project. |
|
Argentina |
Trawls |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Hake |
|
Field study in the wild |
Seabird mortality at trawler warp cables and a proposed mitigation measure: A case study in Golfo San Jorge, Patagonia, Argentina |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Night sets |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Swordfish and tuna |
|
Field study in the wild |
Hawaii Longline Seabird Mortality Mitigation Project. |
|
New Zealand |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Noxious bait |
Seabirds |
Reduced interactions |
Snapper |
Did not affect target catch |
Field study in the wild |
Reducing seabird bycatch in longline fisheries using a natural olfactory deterrent |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Night sets |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Swordfish |
|
Field study in the wild |
Annual Report on the Hawaii Longline Fishing Experiments to Reduce Sea Turtle Bycatch under ESA Section 10 Permit 1303 |
|
Falkan Islands |
Trawls |
Bird-scaring devices |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Swordfish |
|
Field study in the wild |
Mitigation of seabird mortality on factory trawlers: trials of three devices to reduce warp cable strikes |
|
Washington State |
Gillnets |
|
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Salmon |
Decreased target catch |
Field study in the wild |
Reduction of seabird bycatch in salmon drift gillnet fisheries: 1995 sockeye/pink salmon fishery final report |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Side sets |
Seabirds |
Resulted in lowest capture rate when used with bird curtain |
Swordfish and tuna |
|
Field study in the wild |
Comparison of three seabird bycatch avoidance methods in Hawaii pelagic longline fisheries |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Bird curtain |
Seabirds |
Resulted in lowest capture rate when used with side-setting |
Swordfish and tuna |
|
Field study in the wild |
Comparison of three seabird bycatch avoidance methods in Hawaii pelagic longline fisheries |
|
North Pacific |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Side sets |
Seabirds |
Deterred seabirds from taking bait |
Swordfish |
|
Field study in the wild |
Preliminary report of side-setting experiments in a large sized longline vessel |
|
Hawaii |
Hooks-and-Lines |
Sub-surface sets (gillnets) |
Seabirds |
Reduced bycatch |
Swordfish and tuna |
|
Field study in the wild |
Performance Assessment of Underwater Setting Chutes, Side-Setting, and Blue-Dyed Bait to Minimize Seabird Mortality in Hawaii Pelagic Longline Tuna and Swordfish Fisheries |
|